How to Fix Hard Disk (Drive) Error

Check Disk (CHKDSK) is a built-in Windows utility that can scan your hard drive for errors and bad sectors, repair logical errors, prevent further deterioration by moving data to the healthier parts of the disk and make sure new data is not saved to the bad sectors.

Use CHKDSK to Detect And Fix Hard Drive Errors

Did you know that your hard drive is one of the very few mechanical computer parts? Unlike CPU and RAM that have electronic components, hard drives have a mechanical arm that moves whenever anything is written to the disk or read from the disk. That’s why it’s not surprising that your hard drive is the slowest part of your computer. But that’s not all – it’s also extremely prone to errors. These errors vary in severity and are caused by a number of things, from hardware faults and power cuts to interrupted data write process. Now, if any serious hardware faults occur, there is very little you can do. In fact, you would be better off backing up all your data, getting a new hard drive, wiping everything off the old one and chucking it into the bin.
The good news is that you have to do nothing of the sort in case of minor hard drive errors. Most of these errors are easily fixed with the help of a tool called Check Disk. Check Disk (CHKDSK) is a built-in Windows utility that can scan your hard drive for errors and bad sectors, repair logical errors, prevent further deterioration by moving data to the healthier parts of the disk and make sure new data is not saved to the bad sectors. This way Check Disk can improve the stability of your PC. Generally speaking, it’s good to run Check Disk on a regular basis, like once a month.

How to run CHKDSK (Check Disk)

Running Check Disk is really easy even though the scan can take a long time to complete. So make sure you don’t need to use your computer for something like 30-40 minutes (though sometimes it may take up to 2 hours), as Check Disk needs exclusive access to your system. Basically, the larger your disk, the longer Check Disk will need to complete the scan. That’s why it’s good to schedule Check Disk to run either at night or when you’re out. Or at least get yourself a large mug of coffee, sit back and relax.
The process of running Check Disk is the same for all Windows versions, which makes things a lot easier. You can launch the tool in two ways – from (My) Computer or from the Command Prompt. Here is how it’s done from (My) Computer:

1.Go to Start and open (My) Computer fix hard drive errors
2.Right-click on the drive you wish to check and go to Properties hard drive errors
3.Go to the Tools tab and click on the Check Now button scan hard drive for errors
4.A pop-up window will appear and ask you whether you want to Automatically fix file system errors and Scan for and attempt recovery of bad sectors how to fix hard drive errors
Make sure you check both check boxes – otherwise Check Disk will only report errors without fixing them
5. Click Start to launch the tool.

Like I said before, Check Disk needs exclusive access to the drive. This means that no other programs should be running. This includes Windows. So if you are checking your system drive, Check Disk will not be able to perform the scan straight away. Instead, it will offer you to schedule the scan for the next reboot. To do that, just click on Schedule Disk Check and then click OK:


Now it’s time to grab that mug of coffee, reboot your computer and let Check Disk do the work. And if you don’t feel like doing the disk checking after you reboot your PC, don’t worry  -  you’ll have 10 seconds to cancel.
It’s also possible to run Check Disk (CHKDSK) from the command prompt.

How to Hack WiFi Passwords (WEP,WPA or WPA2)

Simple and straight-forward method on Hacking WiFi Networks and Passwords. This tool is called 3x3ploit (pronounced as Exploit) but more commonly known as Aircrack NG 2.0 because of its successor. It can hack wireless networks and decrypt their passwords.
The password will turn out to work and the computer successfully will gain internet access through the WiFi's network.

This is an unreleased software,so do not distribute without prior permission.

This is zip file, have to be extracted.
Open the extracted folder.
Run "WiFi Access" Windows Batch File. (3KB) (Run as Administrator)

in the CMD Prompt:
Prompt: It will be "Specify Target Network Name (Case Sensitive):_   "Type the Network Name"   and hit enter.

It will Analyze the Network Protocol...

Prompt: Encryption Type (Blank for Default)? WPA2-PSD

Remove:  "D" from PSD and Type "K"  as PSK
Prompt: Thread Priority? (1-3) "Type here 3" and hit enter.
Prompt: Enable 3x3 Module? (Y/N)  "Type in Y here" and hit enter.
Prompt: Decrypt password? (Y/N) "Type in Y here" and hit enter.
Prompt: Connecting..

It will run a three time processing..
and it will be validating and output.
Prompt: Valid "Password will be here"


Just type down the password from the CMD prompt to the Network Connect dialog box where password is being asked.

Leave a comment, if you have got any questions about this.
Demo video coming soon,Stay tuned.

iOS (iPhone OS) by Apple Inc

iOS (previously iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. and distributed exclusively for Apple hardware. It is the operating system that powers many of the company's iDevices.
Originally unveiled in 2007 for the iPhone, it has been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPod Touch (September 2007), iPad (January 2010), iPad Mini (November 2012) and second-generation Apple TV onward (September 2010). As of June 2014, Apple's App Store contained more than 1.2 million iOS applications, 500,000 of which were optimized for iPad. These apps have collectively been downloaded more than 60 billion times. It had a 21% share of the smartphone mobile operating system units shipped in the fourth quarter of 2012, behind Google's Android. By the middle of 2012, there were 410 million devices activated. According to the special media event held by Apple on September 12, 2012, 400 million devices had been sold by June 2012.
The user interface of iOS is based on the concept of direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures. Interface control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as swipe, tap, pinch, and reverse pinch, all of which have specific definitions within the context of the iOS operating system and its multi-touch interface.

Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device (one common result is the undo command) or rotating it in three dimensions (one common result is switching from portrait to landscape mode).
iOS shares with OS X some frameworks such as Core Foundation and Foundation; however, its UI toolkit is Cocoa Touch rather than OS X's Cocoa, so that it provides the UIKit framework rather than the AppKit framework. It is therefore not compatible with OS X for applications. Also while iOS also shares the Darwin foundation with OS X, Unix-like shell access is not available for users and restricted for apps, making iOS not fully Unix-compatible either.
Major versions of iOS are released annually. The current release, iOS 8.1.1, was released on November 17, 2014. In iOS, there are four abstraction layers: the Core OS layer, the Core Services layer, the Media layer, and the Cocoa Touch layer. The current version of the operating system (iOS 8.0), dedicates 1.3 - 1.5GB of the device's flash memory for the system partition, using roughly 800 MB of that partition (varying by model) for iOS itself.  It runs on the iPhone 4S and later, iPad 2 and later, all models of the iPad Mini, and the 5th-generation iPod Touch.

Apple Inc. provides updates to the iOS operating system for the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch through iTunes, and since iOS 5.0, also through over-the-air software updates. With the June 6, 2011 announcement of iOS 5.0, a USB connection to iTunes is no longer needed to activate iOS devices; data synchronization can happen automatically and wirelessly through Apple's iCloud service. The most recent update, iOS 8.1.1, was released on November 17, 2014.

Versions :
On June 29, 2007, Apple released the first version of what became iOS – concurrently with the first iPhone. The final 1.x series release was 1.1.5, released shortly after version 2.0.
July 11, 2008 saw the public release of iPhone OS 2.0, with upgrades through version 2.2.1 made available.
June 17, 2009 was the release date for iPhone OS 3.0. It was updated through (and including) version 3.1.3 (release date February 2, 2010). The first generation iPod Touch and iPhone have iPhone OS 3.1.3 as their newest available version. The iPad was introduced with iPhone OS 3.2, later updated to 3.2.2. 3.2.x versions of iPhone OS were made specifically for the iPad.
On June 21, 2010, iOS 4.0 was released to the public and was made available only to the iPod Touch and iPhone. iOS 4.0 was announced to have over 1500 new APIs for developers, with the highly anticipated multitasking feature. The iPod Touch (2nd generation) and iPhone 3G have iOS 4.2.1 as the final version available. Nevertheless, many features are not available for the iPhone 3G or iPod Touch (2nd generation), such as multitasking and home screen backgrounds. iOS 4.2 is the first version to bring major feature parity to the iPhone and iPad. The release of the CDMA iPhone for Verizon Wireless saw a branching of iOS. The 4.2 version sequence continued for the CDMA phone while 4.3 was released for all other products.
On June 6, 2011, Apple previewed iOS 5, Apple TV 4.4 beta and the iOS SDK 5 beta along with iCloud beta among other products. This update introduced iMessage chat between devices running iOS 5, a new notification system, Newsstand subscriptions, Twitter integrated into iOS, Reminders app, Enhancements to AirPlay, full integration with iCloud and over 200 new features. iOS 5.0 supports all iPad models, iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4 GSM & CDMA, iPhone 4S, and the iPod Touch (3rd & 4th generation).
iOS 5 had only three minor additions, 5.0.1, 5.1, and 5.1.1, which were all provided as OTA and iTunes software updates.
Apple concurrently provides the same version of iOS for the comparable model of iPhone and iPod touch, usually devices released in the same calendar year. iPhone users receive all software updates for free, while iPod Touch users paid for the 2.0 and 3.0 major software updates. As of iOS 4.0, Apple no longer charges money for iPod Touch updates.
As of October 23, 2011, two versions of iOS were never released. iPhone OS 1.2, which after the first beta was replaced by a 2.0 version number; the second beta was called 2.0 beta 2 instead of 1.2 beta 2. The other was iOS 4.2, replaced with 4.2.1 due to a Wi-Fi bug in 4.2 beta 3, causing Apple to release 2 golden masters (4.2 GM and 4.2.1 GM). One version of iOS was pulled back by Apple after being released. iOS 8.0.1 was pulled back by Apple because cellular service and Touch ID were disabled on iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus.
The current version is iOS 8.1.1.

Version history: iPhone, iPad, iPod touch:

iPhone OS 1.x
First iteration of Apple's touch-centric mobile operating system. No official name given on its initial release; Apple marketing literature simply stating the iPhone runs a version of Apple's desktop operating system, OS X. On March 6, 2008, with the release of the iPhone software development kit (iPhone SDK), Apple named it iPhone OS (they went on to rename it "iOS" on June 7, 2010).

iPhone OS 2.x
iPhone OS 2.0, the second major release of iOS, became available on July 11, 2008 with the release of the iPhone 3G. Devices running 1.x are upgradable to this version. This version of the OS introduces the App Store, making third-party applications available to the iPhone and iPod Touch.

iPhone OS 3.x
iPhone OS 3.0 became available with the iPhone 3GS. It was released on June 17, 2009. This release added features such as copy and paste, and MMS. Not all features were available on the original iPhone. Devices running iPhone OS 2.x were upgradeable to this software. The iPad was introduced with iPhone OS 3.2.

iOS 4:
iOS 4 was made available to the public for the iPhone and iPod Touch on June 21, 2010. This is the first major iOS release to drop support for some devices (original iPhone and iPod
touch) and that iPod Touch users do not have to pay for.
The iPhone 3G and iPod Touch (2nd generation) have limited features, including lack of multitasking capabilities and the ability to set a home screen wallpaper, while the iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, iPod Touch (3rd & 4th generation) have all features enabled, such as multitasking. The iPhone and iPod Touch (1st generation) cannot run iOS 4.0 and above.
iOS 4.2.1, released November 22, 2010, added iPad compatibility. It also was the last version to support iPhone 3G and iPod Touch (2nd generation, MB & MC model). iOS 4.2.1 replaced iOS 4.2 due to a Wi-Fi bug in iOS 4.2 beta 3, causing Apple to release 2 golden masters (4.2 GM and 4.2.1 GM).

iOS 5:
iOS 5 was previewed to the public on June 6, 2011. It was released for iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4 (GSM and CDMA), iPhone 4S, iPod Touch (3rd & 4th generation), iPad, and iPad 2 on October 12, 2011.
iOS 5.1.1 is the final release supported for the iPad (1st generation) and iPod Touch (3rd generation).

iOS 6:iOS 6 was announced and previewed on June 11, 2012 during Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) 2012, and its release was stated as Fall 2012. Following the pattern of previous iOS releases, some older devices were no longer supported, specifically the iPod Touch (3rd generation), and the iPad (1st generation). Supported devices include the iPhone 3GS and later; the iPod Touch (4th generation) and later; and the iPad 2 and later.
On September 12, 2012 at San Francisco's Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, among other items unveiled, Apple announced three iOS-related items: the next generation iPhone 5, the redesigned iPod Touch (5th generation), and the announcement of the release of iOS 6.0 the following week.
iOS 6 was released to the public on September 19, 2012, through iTunes and over-the-air updates.
iOS 6.1.6 is the final release supported for the iPhone 3GS and iPod Touch (4th generation).

iOS 7 :
Apple announced iOS 7 on June 10, 2013 at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) event, with release announced for sometime in Fall (Northern Hemisphere) or Spring (Southern Hemisphere) 2013. At their iPhone event on September 10, 2013, Apple announced the full release of iOS 7 for September 18, 2013, while also unveiling two new iPhone models: the iPhone 5C and iPhone 5S. With this release, support was once again dropped for older devices, specifically the iPhone 3GS and the iPod Touch (4th generation). Supported devices on this release include the iPhone 4 onwards, iPod Touch (5th generation), the iPad 2 onwards, and the iPad Mini (1st generation) onwards. iOS 7.1.2 is the final release for the iPhone 4. But, Apple can detect an unauthorized install and deactivate the device.

iOS 8 :
Apple announced iOS 8 on June 2, 2014 at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) event, with release announced for sometime in Fall (Northern Hemisphere) or

Spring (Southern Hemisphere) 2014. At their iPhone event on September 9, 2014, Apple announced the full release of iOS 8 for September 17, 2014, while also unveiling the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus. With this release, Apple resumed the cycle of dropping support for older devices, specifically the iPhone 4. Supported devices on this release include the iPhone 4S onwards, iPod Touch (5th generation), the iPad 2 onwards, and the iPad Mini (1st generation) onwards. The iPad 2 is also the first iOS device to support 5 major releases of iOS, supporting iOS 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. This is the greatest amount of major iOS releases a single iOS device has supported, surpassing the iPhone 4S, which supports 4 major releases (iOS 5, 6, 7, and 8).

However, iOS 8 has limited support for this device, along with the iPhone 4S. The current version is iOS 8.1.1, which fixed a few bugs, improved the performance of iOS on iPhone 4S and iPad 2, and patched Pangu Jailbreak 1.0.02. There are some performance issues in iOS 8.1.1 which are probably caused by bugs affecting the iPad (3rd generation), iPad (4th generation) and the iPad mini. The latest beta version is iOS 8.2 beta 1.

BlackBerry Operating System (OS) BBX™

BlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile operating system developed by BlackBerry Ltd for its BlackBerry line of smartphone handheld devices. The operating system provides multitasking and supports specialized input devices that have been adopted by BlackBerry Ltd. for use in its handhelds, particularly the trackwheel, trackball, and most recently, the trackpad and touchscreen.
The BlackBerry platform is perhaps best known for its native support for corporate email, through MIDP 1.0 and, more recently, a subset of MIDP 2.0, which allows complete wireless activation and synchronization with Microsoft Exchange, Lotus Domino, or Novell GroupWise email, calendar, tasks, notes, and contacts, when used with BlackBerry Enterprise Server.

The operating system also supports WAP 1.2.
Updates to the operating system may be automatically available from wireless carriers that support the BlackBerry over the air software loading (OTASL) service.
Third-party developers can write software using the available BlackBerry API classes, although applications that make use of certain functionality must be digitally signed.
Research from June 2011 indicates that approximately 45% of mobile developers were using the platform at the time of publication.

BlackBerry OS was discontinued after the release of BlackBerry 10[citation needed], but BlackBerry will continue support for the BlackBerry OS.

BlackBerry 10:
BlackBerry 10 is a proprietary mobile operating system developed by BlackBerry Limited for its BlackBerry line of smartphone . Devices running BlackBerry 10 are the Z30, Z10, Z3, Q10, Q5, P'9982, P'9983, the BlackBerry Passport and the upcoming BlackBerry Classic smartphones. BlackBerry 10 is based on the QNX operating system, which is popular in industrial computers and used in many car computers, which was acquired by BlackBerry in April 2010.
When BlackBerry 10.0 was first released, it was the third major release of a QNX based mobile operating system, following the release of BlackBerry Tablet OS with the BlackBerry PlayBook on April 19, 2011, and BlackBerry Tablet OS version 2.0 on February 21, 2012. BlackBerry 10 and BlackBerry Tablet OS have numerous technical similarities, with BlackBerry 10 providing substantial enhancements over the earlier releases. BlackBerry 10 has continued to improve and evolve as can be seen by the release of newer versions which have added increased features and functionality, free of charge, to the devices.
The BlackBerry 10 operating system uses a combination of gestures and touches for navigation and control, making it possible to enter commands on the BlackBerry 10 operating system without having to press any of the physical buttons, with the exception of the power button that switches the device on/off.

Windows Phone (WP) Smartphone Operating System (OS) by Microsoft

Windows Phone (WP) is a smartphone operating system developed by Microsoft. It is the successor to Windows Mobile, although it is incompatible with the earlier platform. With Windows Phone, Microsoft created a new user interface, featuring a design language named "Modern" (which was formerly known as "Metro"). Unlike its predecessor, it is primarily aimed at the consumer market rather than the enterprise market. It was first launched in October 2010 with Windows Phone 7.
Windows Phone 8.1, which was released in final form to developers on April 14, 2014 and will be pushed out to all phones running Windows Phone 8 over the coming months, is the latest release of the operating system.

Versions:

Windows Phone 7 :
Windows Phone 7 was announced at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, on February 15, 2010, and released publicly on November 8, 2010 in the United States.
Microsoft released an updated version of Windows Phone 7, Mango (also referred to as Windows Phone 7.5), in May 2011. The update included a mobile version of Internet Explorer 9 that supports the same web standards and graphical capability as the desktop version, multi-tasking of third-party apps,  Twitter integration for the People Hub, and  Windows Live SkyDrive access.
A minor update released in 2012 known as "Tango", along with other bug fixes, lowered the hardware requirements to allow for devices with 800 MHz CPUs and 256 MB of RAM to run Windows Phone.
In January 2013, Windows Phone 7.8 was released. It added some features from Windows Phone 8, such as an updated start screen, additional color schemes, and additional wallpaper options. Windows Phone 7.8 was intended to prolong the life of older Windows Phone 7 devices, as these were not upgradable to Windows Phone 8 due to hardware limitations. However, not all users have received the Windows Phone 7.8 update yet.

Windows Phone 8:
On October 29, 2012, Microsoft released Windows Phone 8, a new generation of the operating system. Windows Phone 8 replaces its previously Windows CE-based architecture with one based on the Windows NT kernel with many components shared with Windows 8, allowing applications to be easily ported between the two platforms.

Hardware support
Windows Phone 8, while adding a number of software improvements, also brought support for updated hardware. This included support for multi-core processors and high resolution screens. Windows Phone 7 and 7.5 were often criticized for a lack of high end hardware support, but Windows Phone 8's new hardware gave Windows Phone the ability to better compete with Google and Apple smartphones.

Windows Phone 8.1:
Windows Phone 8.1 was announced on April 2, 2014, after being released in preview form to developers on April 10, 2014. New features added include a notification center, Internet Explorer 11 with tab syncing among Windows 8.1 devices and WP devices, separate volume controls, and the option to skin and add a third column of live tiles to the Start Screen.

Starting with this release, Microsoft has also dropped the requirement that all Windows Phone OEMs include a camera button and physical buttons for back, Start, and Search.
Windows Phone 8.1 also adds "Cortana", a voice assistant much like Siri and Google Now. Cortana replaces the previous Bing search feature, and will be released as a beta in the

United States in the first half of 2014, before expanding to other countries in late 2014 and early 2015.

Symbian closed-source Mobile Operating System (OS)

Symbian was a closed-source mobile operating system (OS) and computing platform designed for smartphones and currently maintained by Accenture. Symbian was originally developed by Symbian Ltd., as a descendant of Psion's EPOC and runs exclusively on ARM processors, although an unreleased x86 port existed. The current form of Symbian is an open-source platform developed by Symbian Foundation in 2009, as the successor of the original Symbian OS. Symbian was used by many major mobile phone brands, like Samsung, Motorola,

Sony Ericsson, and above all by Nokia. It was the most popular smartphone OS on a worldwide average until the end of 2010, when it was overtaken by Android.
Symbian rose to fame from its use with the S60 platform built by Nokia, first released in 2002 and powering most Nokia smartphones. UIQ, another Symbian platform, ran in parallel, but these two platforms were not compatible with each other. Symbian^3, was officially released in Q4 2010 as the successor of S60 and UIQ, first used in the Nokia N8, to use a single platform for the OS. In May 2011 an update, Symbian Anna, was officially announced, followed by Nokia Belle (previously Symbian Belle) in August 2011.
On 11 February 2011, Nokia announced that it would use Microsoft's Windows Phone OS as its primary smartphone platform, and Symbian will be its franchise platform, dropping Symbian as its main smartphone OS of choice. On 22 June 2011 Nokia made an agreement with Accenture for an outsourcing program. Accenture will provide Symbian-based software development and support services to Nokia through 2016; about 2,800 Nokia employees became Accenture employees as of October 2011. The transfer was completed on 30

September 2011. The Nokia 808 PureView is officially the last Symbian smartphone


Symbian UI Variations and Platforms:

Symbian, as it advanced to OS version 7.0, began to spun off into several different user interfaces or UIs, each back by a certain company or group of companies. Unlike Android OS with its different cosmetic UIs, Symbian UIs are deeper in code modifications and integrations (therefore referred to as UI platforms). Things began more complicated when applications developed for different Symbian UIs platforms are not compatible with each other, and this led to OS fragmentation.
User Interfaces platforms that run on or are based on Symbian OS include:

S60, Symbian:
Also called Series 60, it was backed mainly by Nokia. There are several editions of this platform, appearing first as S60 (1st Edition) on Nokia 7650. It was followed by S60 2nd Edition (Nokia N70, S60 3rd Edition (Nokia N73) and touch-based S60 5th Edition (Nokia N97). The name, S60, was dropped after the formation of Symbian Foundation and renames itself as Symbian^1, 2 and 3.

Series 80:
Used by Nokia Communicators such as Nokia 9300i.

Series 90:
Touch and button based. Only phone using this platform is Nokia 7710.

UIQ Backed mainly by Sony Ericsson and then Motorola, it is compatible with both buttons and touch/stylus based inputs. The last major release version is UIQ3.1 in 2008, on Sony Ericsson G900. It was discontinued after the formation of Symbian Foundation, and the decision to consolidate different Symbian UI versions into one led to the adoption of S60 as the version going forward.

MOAP (Mobile Oriented Applications Platform) [Japan Only]
Used by Fujitsu, Mitsubishi, Sony Ericsson and Sharp developed phones for NTT DoCoMo. It uses an interface developed specifically for DoCoMo's FOMA "Freedom of Mobile Access" network brand and is based on the UI from earlier Fujitsu FOMA models. The user cannot install new C++ applications. (Japan Only)
OPP [Japan Only], successor of MOAP, used on NTT DoCoMo's FOMA phone.

Android Mobile Operating System (OS)

Android Versions

Android is a mobile operating system (OS) based on the Linux kernel and currently developed by Google. With a user interface based on direct manipulation, Android is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers, with specialized user interfaces for televisions (Android TV), cars (Android Auto), and wrist watches (Android Wear). The OS uses touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects, and a virtual keyboard. Despite being primarily designed for touchscreen input, it also has been used in game consoles, digital cameras, regular PCs (e.g. the HP Slate 21) and other electronics.

Android is the most widely used mobile OS and, as of 2013, the highest selling OS overall. Android devices sell more than Windows, iOS, and Mac OS X devices combined,with sales in 2012, 2013 and 2014 close to the installed base of all PCs.As of July 2013 the Google Play store has had over 1 million Android apps published, and over 50 billion apps downloaded.A developer survey conducted in April–May 2013 found that 71% of mobile developers develop for Android.At Google I/O 2014, the company revealed that there were over 1 billion active monthly Android users, up from 538 million in June 2013.
Android's source code is released by Google under open source licenses, although most Android devices ultimately ship with a combination of open source and proprietary software.Initially developed by Android, Inc., which Google backed financially and later bought in 2005,Android was unveiled in 2007 along with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance—?a consortium of hardware, software, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.
Android is popular with technology companies which require a ready-made, low-cost and customizable operating system for high-tech devices. Android's open nature has encouraged a large community of developers and enthusiasts to use the open-source code as a foundation for community-driven projects, which add new features for advanced users or bring Android to devices which were officially released running other operating systems. The operating system's success has made it a target for patent litigation as part of the so-called "smartphone wars" between technology companies.

Firmware History and Development:

Android, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California in October 2003 by Andy Rubin (co-founder of Danger),Rich Miner (co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.),Nick Sears (once VP at T-Mobile),and Chris White (headed design and interface development at WebTV) to develop, in Rubin's words, "smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owner's location and preferences".The early intentions of the company were to develop an advanced operating system for digital cameras, when it was realized that the market for the devices was not large enough, and diverted their efforts to producing a smartphone operating system to rival those of Symbian and Windows Mobile.Despite the past accomplishments of the founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly, revealing only that it was working on software for mobile phones.That same year, Rubin ran out of money. Steve Perlman, a close friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope and refused a stake in the company.
Google acquired Android Inc. on August 17, 2005; key employees of Android Inc., including Rubin, Miner, and White, stayed at the company after the acquisition.Not much was known about Android Inc. at the time, but many assumed that Google was planning to enter the mobile phone market with this move.At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradable system. Google had lined up a series of hardware component and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation on their part.

Since April 2009, Android versions have been developed under a confectionery-themed code name and released in alphabetical order; the exceptions are versions 1.0 and 1.1 as they were not released under specific code names:

Alpha (1.0)
Beta (1.1)
Cupcake (1.5)
Donut (1.6)
Eclair (2.0–2.1)
Froyo (2.2–2.2.3)
Gingerbread (2.3–2.3.7)
Honeycomb (3.0–3.2.6)
Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0–4.0.4)
Jelly Bean (4.1–4.3.1)
KitKat (4.4–4.4.4)
Lollipop (5.0)

Pre-commercial release versions (2007–2008)

Alpha
There were at least two internal releases inside Google and the OHA before the Beta was released in November 2007. For the milestones in internal releases, names of fictional robots were chosen, with various releases code-named "Astro Boy", "Bender" and "R2-D2". Dan Morrill created some of the first mascot logos, but the current green Android logo was designed by Irina Blok.The project manager, Ryan Gibson, conceived of the confections naming scheme that has been used for the majority of the public releases, starting with Android 1.5.

Beta
The Beta was released on November 5, 2007, while the software development kit (SDK) was released on November 12, 2007. The November 5 date is popularly celebrated as Android's "birthday".Public beta versions of the SDK were released in the following order:

November 16, 2007: m3-rc22a
December 14, 2007: m3-rc37a
February 13, 2008: m5-rc14
March 3, 2008: m5-rc15
August 18, 2008: 0.9
September 23, 2008: 1.0-r1

Version history by API level

Android 1.0 (API level 1)
Android 1.1 (API level 2)
Android 1.5 Cupcake (API level 3)
Android 1.6 Donut (API level 4)
Android 2.0 Eclair (API level 5)
Android 2.0.1 Eclair (API level 6)
Android 2.1 Eclair (API level 7)
Android 2.2–2.2.3 Froyo (API level 8)
Android 2.3–2.3.2 Gingerbread (API level 9)
Android 2.3.3–2.3.7 Gingerbread (API level 10)
Android 3.0 Honeycomb (API level 11)
Android 3.1 Honeycomb (API level 12)
Android 3.2 Honeycomb (API level 13)
Android 4.0–4.0.2 Ice Cream Sandwich (API level 14)
Android 4.0.3–4.0.4 Ice Cream Sandwich (API level 15)
Android 4.1 Jelly Bean (API level 16)
Android 4.2 Jelly Bean (API level 17)
Android 4.3 Jelly Bean (API level 18)
Android 4.4 KitKat (API level 19)
Android 4.4 KitKat with wearable extensions (API level 20
Android 5.0 Lollipop (API level 21)

Android 5.0 "Lollipop" was unveiled under the codename "Android L" on June 25, 2014 during Google I/O, and became available as official over-the-air (OTA) updates on November 12, 2014 for select devices that run distributions of Android serviced by Google, including Nexus and Google Play edition devices. Its source code was made available on November 3, 2014.
Lollipop brings a redesigned user interface built around a responsive design language referred to as "material design". Other changes include improvements to the notifications, which can be accessed from the lockscreen and displayed within applications as top-of-the-screen banners. Google also made internal changes to the platform, with the Android Runtime (ART) officially replacing Dalvik for improved application performance, and with changes intended to improve and optimize battery usage, known internally as Project Volta.